磷酸铁锂电池循环寿命与使用寿命

How long does the service life of lithium iron phosphate batteries typically last?
磷酸铁锂电池的使用寿命通常有多长？

The lifespan of lithium iron phosphate batteries is usually measured by cycle life (the number of charge and discharge cycles) and actual service life, and is affected by battery quality, usage habits and environmental factors. twelve
磷酸铁锂电池的寿命通常以循环寿命（充放电次数）和实际使用寿命来衡量，并受电池质量、使用习惯和环境因素的影响。十二

In terms of cycle life, the typical number of charge and discharge cycles for lithium iron phosphate batteries ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 times. Some high-performance products can reach over 5,000 times. If calculated based on one charge and discharge per day, the theoretical service life is approximately 5 to 10 years. However, for low-frequency usage (such as 150 charge and discharge cycles per year), it may extend to over 10 years. 
在循环寿命方面，磷酸铁锂电池的典型充放电次数范围为2000至3500次。一些高性能产品可达到5000次以上。如果按每天充放电一次计算，理论使用寿命约为5至10年。然而，对于低频使用（如每年150次充放电循环），其使用寿命可能会延长至10年以上。

In terms of actual service life, in scenarios such as household electric vehicles, the lifespan is generally 8 to 10 years. In southern regions with mild climates, it can be extended to 10 to 12 years, while in northern areas with low temperatures, it may be shortened to 6 to 8 years. The battery lifespan is determined by the point where the capacity drops to 80% of the initial level, and the actual mileage can reach 15 to 20 ten thousand kilometers. 4
在实际使用寿命方面，家用电动车等场景下一般为8至10年，南方气候温和地区可延长至10至12年，北方低温地区可能缩短至6至8年。电池寿命以容量降至初始值的80%为判定节点，实际行驶里程可达15至20万公里。4

Compared with other batteries, the lifespan of lithium iron phosphate batteries is significantly better than that of lead-acid batteries (about 2-3 years) and lithium cobalt oxide batteries (about 6-8 years), and is comparable to or even better than that of sodium batteries (about 8 years).
与其他电池相比，磷酸铁锂电池的寿命明显优于铅酸电池（约2-3年）和钴酸锂电池（约6-8年），与钠电池（约8年）相当甚至更优。

The lifespan of lithium iron phosphate batteries is usually measured by cycle life (the number of charge and discharge cycles) and actual service life, and is affected by battery quality, usage habits and environmental factors. twelve
磷酸铁锂电池的寿命通常以循环寿命（充放电次数）和实际使用寿命来衡量，并受电池质量、使用习惯和环境因素的影响。十二

In terms of cycle life, the typical number of charge and discharge cycles for lithium iron phosphate batteries ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 times. Some high-performance products can reach over 5,000 times. If calculated based on one charge and discharge per day, the theoretical service life is approximately 5 to 10 years. However, for low-frequency usage (such as 150 charge and discharge cycles per year), it may extend to over 10 years. twelve
在循环寿命方面，磷酸铁锂电池的典型充放电次数范围为2000至3500次。一些高性能产品可达到5000次以上。如果按每天充放电一次计算，理论使用寿命约为5至10年。然而，对于低频使用（如每年150次充放电循环），其寿命可能会延长至10年以上。十二

In terms of actual service life, in scenarios such as household electric vehicles, the lifespan is generally 8 to 10 years. In southern regions with mild climates, it can be extended to 10 to 12 years, while in northern areas with low temperatures, it may be shortened to 6 to 8 years. The battery lifespan is determined by the point where its capacity drops to 80% of the initial level, and the actual mileage can reach 15 to 20 ten thousand kilometers. 4
在实际使用寿命方面，家用电动车等场景下一般为8到10年，气候温和的南方地区可延长至10到12年，气温较低的北方地区则可能缩短至6到8年。电池寿命以容量掉落至初始值的80%为判定点，实际行驶里程可达15到20万公里。4

Compared with other batteries, the lifespan of lithium iron phosphate batteries is significantly better than that of lead-acid batteries (about 2-3 years) and lithium-ion batteries (about 6-8 years), and is comparable to or even better than that of sodium batteries (about 8 years).
与其他电池相比，磷酸铁锂电池的寿命明显优于铅酸电池（约2-3年）和锂离子电池（约6-8年），且与钠电池（约8年）相当甚至更优
 

1. IntroductionSuraj Meshram，

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are popular due to their higher energy density of 100–265 Wh/kg, long cycle life (typically 800–2500 cycles) relative to lead-acid batteries (Ma et al. Citation2018). They are used in medium-power traction applications (such as robotics, e-mobility, last-mile delivery, etc.) and heavy-duty traction applications (such as industrial vehicles, marine traction, etc.). Further, the possibility of deep cycling (up to 90% Depth of Discharge (DoD)) makes it possible to use lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage applications (Ma et al. Citation2018). Several operating parameters affect the life of lithium-ion cells, such as cell type and its form factor, environmental temperature, charging and discharging rates, and depth of discharge (Ran et al. Citation2014; Xiong and O’Connell Citation2019). All these factors contribute to a gradual loss in cell capacity and higher heat generation rates resulting in a thermal runaway.
锂离子电池（LIBs）因其100-265 Wh/kg的高能量密度、相较于铅酸电池更长的循环寿命（通常为800-2500次循环）而广受青睐（Ma等人 2018年文献）。该电池被广泛应用于中功率牵引领域（如机器人技术、电动载具、末端配送等）及重载牵引领域（如工业车辆、船舶牵引等）。此外，深度循环能力（放电深度可达90%）使得锂离子电池能够用于固定式储能场景（Ma等人 2018年文献）。多种运行参数会影响锂离子电池寿命，例如电池类型与外形尺寸、环境温度、充放电速率以及放电深度（Ran等人 2014年文献；Xiong与O'Connell 2019年文献）。这些因素共同导致电池容量逐渐衰减、产热速率升高，最终引发热失控。

The operating temperature has a vital effect on the discharge capacity of the cells (Bandhauer et al. Citation2011; Sagare et al. Citation2023). An operating temperature below 25°C diminishes the ionic conductivity of lithium salt-based electrolytes due to increased viscosity (Ma et al. Citation2018). Temperature lower than the optimal reduces the internal resistance and electrochemical reaction speed, while increasing internal polarization resistance reduces the discharge capacity and energy output (Lv et al. Citation2021). On the other hand, a temperature greater than 25°C increases the rate of the chemical reaction and helps in faster discharge (Lv et al. Citation2021). However, continual operation at high temperatures reduces the cycle life by a 1.9% per degree rise in temperature at a 1.8 C rate (Bandhauer et al. Citation2011). The rise in resistance during charge transfer in LIBs is another key concern contributing to low-temperature performance loss. Zhang et al. (Zhang, Xu, and Jow Citation2003) demonstrated that the charge-transfer performance of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures can be improved. If the ambient temperature continuously rises to 60°C, there is a rupture in the lattice of the cathode material, which results in an irreversible drop in the battery capacity. Hence, the use of LIBs at such high temperatures should be avoided. Considering cycle life and discharge efficiency, the most suitable operating temperature of the LIB is 20–50°C (Lv et al. Citation2021).
工作温度对电池放电容量具有决定性影响（Bandhauer等，2011；Sagare等，2023）。当工作温度低于25°C时，由于电解液黏度增加，锂盐基电解质的离子电导率会显著下降（Ma等，2018）。低于最佳温度不仅会增大内阻并降低电化学反应速率，同时增加的内部极化电阻还会导致放电容量和能量输出降低（Lv等，2021）。另一方面，当温度超过25°C时，化学反应速率加快，有助于实现更快速的放电（Lv等，2021）。然而，持续高温运行会缩短循环寿命，在1.8 C倍率下，温度每升高1°C，循环寿命降低1.9%（Bandhauer等，2011）。锂离子电池（LIBs）充电过程中阻抗升高是导致低温性能下降的另一关键因素。Zhang等（2003）的研究表明，锂离子电池在低温条件下的电荷传输性能可以得到改善。若环境温度持续升至60°C，正极材料晶格会发生破裂，导致电池容量出现不可逆的掉落。因此，应避免在此类高温条件下使用LIBs。综合考虑循环寿命与放电效率，LIB最适宜的工作温度范围为20–50°C（Lv等，2021）。